Cardiologists Education, Research and Training
First, an aspiring cardiologist must have a bachelor's degree in order to get into medical school. The most logical pre-med bachelor degrees include courses in chemistry, mathematics, engineering or psychology. Then one must gain a passing score on the MCAT (Medical College Admission Test).
The four years in medical school covers standard medical terminology, medical judgment and clinical standard procedures. Potential cardiologists who complete the ten years of educational preparation must then pass a certification exam administered by the American Board of Internal Medicine.
After medical school, students attend six to eight more years of general internal medicine training and specialized cardiology training through a residency. The course topics covered in a cardiology training program include catheterization, patient prep, vascular access, hemodynamic studies, coronary anatomy, coronary angiography, radiographic imaging, fluoroscopy, congenital heart disease and circulatory support.
The length and type of schooling varies depending on which field of cardiology students enter; for example, students pursuing a pediatric cardiologist career must first focus on pediatric training, followed by three or more years in cardiology training. On the other hand, cardiac surgeons take about five years of training in general surgery before they begin what is called a 'cardio-thoracic' program. At least a decade of college, medical school and residency training is required to become a cardiologist. Jobs for physicians and surgeons of all types are expected by grow by 14% from 2014 to 2024, and the median pay for cardiologists is in excess of $240,000.
- Cardiovascular clinical trials & case reports
- Emergency medicine of epidemiology
- Prevalence and management epidemiology
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- Left Atrial Appendage Closure Devices - Interventional Cardiology 2025 (UK)
- Left Main Coronary Artery Interventions - Interventional Cardiology 2025 (UK)
- Lifestyle Interventions for Dual Health Benefits - HEART BRAIN 2025 (Japan)
- Long COVID and Cardiovascular Health - HEART CONGRESS 2025 (Germany)
- Long-Term Follow-Up and Risk Management - Interventional Cardiology 2025 (UK)
- Machine Learning Algorithms for Predicting Patient Outcomes - Interventional Cardiology 2025 (UK)
- Mechanisms of Cardiovascular Disease Progression - Euro Cardiology Congress 2025 (Italy)
- Mental Health Impact of Heart Failure and Angina - Congestive Heart Failure-2025 (Switzerland)
- Microbiome and Cardiovascular Health - HEART CONGRESS 2025 (Germany)
- Mindfulness and Cognitive Behavioural Therapies - HEART BRAIN 2025 (Japan)
- Minimally Invasive Coronary Intervention (PCI) Techniques - Interventional Cardiology 2025 (UK)
- Mitochondrial Dysfunction in Cardiac Disorders - HEART CONGRESS 2025 (Germany)
- Molecular and Cellular Cardiology - CARDIO MEET 2025 (Netherlands)
- Molecular and Cellular Cardiology - CARDIAC SURGERY 2025 (France)
- Molecular Cardiology - Clinical Cardiology 2025 (Canada)
- mRNA-Based Therapeutics for Cardiovascular Diseases - HEART CONGRESS 2025 (Germany)
- Nanomedicine in Cardiovascular Disease - Interventional Cardiology 2025 (UK)
- Nanotechnology in Cardiovascular Medicine - HEART CONGRESS 2025 (Germany)
- Nanotechnology in Cardiovascular Medicine - World Heart 2025 (Canada)
- New Strategies for Early Diagnosis and Risk Stratification - Interventional Cardiology 2025 (UK)
- Novel Antithrombotic Therapies - Interventional Cardiology 2025 (UK)
- Novel Biomarkers in Cardiovascular Risk Assessment - Cardiocare 2025 (UK)
- Novel Drug Delivery Systems for Cardiovascular Therapy - Interventional Cardiology 2025 (UK)
- Novel Drug Therapies for Cardiovascular Conditions - Euro Cardiology Congress 2025 (Italy)
- Novel Drug Therapies for Cardiovascular Conditions - CVDT 2025 (France)
- Novel Therapies and Drug Development - Hypertension Congress-2025 (France)
- Novel Therapies and Emerging Treatments for Heart Failure and Angina - Congestive Heart Failure-2025 (Switzerland)
- Novel Therapies in Heart Failure - CARDIO MEET 2025 (Netherlands)
- Novel Therapies in Heart Failure - CARDIAC SURGERY 2025 (France)
- Nuclear Cardiology - World Cardiology-2025 (UK)
- Nuclear Cardiology - Clinical Cardiology 2025 (Canada)
- Nuclear Cardiology & Cardiac CT - CARDIO MEET 2025 (Netherlands)
- Nuclear Cardiology & Cardiac CT - CARDIAC SURGERY 2025 (France)
- Nutrition and Cardiovascular Health: Latest Insights - Cardiocare 2025 (UK)
- Nutrition and Hypertension - Hypertension Congress-2025 (France)
- Nutrition, Diet, and Cardiovascular Health - Molecular Cardiology 2025 (France)
- Nutrition, Diet, and Cardiovascular Health - CVDT 2025 (France)
- Obesity and Heart - Cardiology-2024 (France)
- Oncology and Geriatrics - GERIATRIC CARDIOLOGY 2025 (France)
- Optimal Medical Therapy for Acute Coronary Syndromes - Interventional Cardiology 2025 (UK)
- Paediatric Cardiology - Annual Cardiology 2025 (Canada)
- Palliative Care for Heart Failure and Angina - Congestive Heart Failure-2025 (Switzerland)
- Pathophysiology of Congestive Heart Failure and Angina - Congestive Heart Failure-2025 (Switzerland)
- Patient Education and Counseling - Interventional Cardiology 2025 (UK)
- Patient-Centered Decision-Making in Interventional Cardiology - Interventional Cardiology 2025 (UK)
- Pediatric and Adolescent Hypertension - Hypertension Congress-2025 (France)
- Pediatric and Congenital Cardiology - Molecular Cardiology 2025 (France)
- Pediatric Cardiology - Cardiology-2024 (France)
- Pediatric Cardiology - CARDIO MEET 2025 (Netherlands)
- Pediatric Cardiology - Clinical Cardiology 2025 (Canada)
- Pediatric Cardiology - CARDIAC SURGERY 2025 (France)
- Pediatric Cardiology - HEART CONGRESS 2025 (Germany)
- Pediatric Cardiology - CVDT 2025 (France)
- Pediatric Cardiology - WORLD CARDIOLOGY 2025 (Italy)
- Pediatric Cardiology - World Heart 2025 (Canada)
- Pediatric Cardiology and Congenital Heart Diseases - Euro Cardiology 2025 (Germany)
- Pediatric Cardiology: Current Perspectives - Heart Congress_2025 (France)
- Pediatric Cardiology: Innovations in Diagnosis and Treatment - Cardiocare 2025 (UK)
- Pediatrics Cardiology - World Cardiology-2025 (UK)
- Percutaneous Coronary Interventions (PCI) and Surgery - GERIATRIC CARDIOLOGY 2025 (France)
- Percutaneous Left Atrial Appendage Closure Devices - Interventional Cardiology 2025 (UK)
- Peripheral Artery Disease and Vascular Health - Molecular Cardiology 2025 (France)
- Personalized Antiplatelet Therapy Strategies - Interventional Cardiology 2025 (UK)
- Personalized Medicine in Heart Failure and Angina - Congestive Heart Failure-2025 (Switzerland)
- Pharmacogenomics and Hypertension - Hypertension Congress-2025 (France)
- Pharmacogenomics in Antithrombotic Therapy - Interventional Cardiology 2025 (UK)
- Pharmacogenomics in Heart Failure and Angina - Congestive Heart Failure-2025 (Switzerland)
- Pharmacological Management of Heart Failure and Angina - Congestive Heart Failure-2025 (Switzerland)
- Pharmacotherapy: Latest Developments - Heart Congress_2025 (France)
- Policy Implications for Integrated Care - HEART BRAIN 2025 (Japan)
- Precision Medicine in Cardiology - Heart Congress_2025 (France)
- Precision Medicine in Cardiovascular Treatment - Cardiocare 2025 (UK)
- Precision Medicine in Heart Disease - CARDIOLOGY CARE 2025 (Netherlands)
- Pregnancy-Related Heart Conditions - WORLD CARDIOLOGY 2025 (Italy)
- Prevention of Cardiovascular Diseases: Lifestyle and Beyond - Cardiocare 2025 (UK)
- Preventive Cardiology - CARDIO MEET 2025 (Netherlands)
- Preventive Cardiology - CARDIAC SURGERY 2025 (France)
- Preventive Cardiology and Lifestyle Medicine - World Heart 2025 (Canada)
- Preventive Cardiology and Risk Management - Euro Cardiology 2025 (Germany)
- Psychology and Cardiovascular Well-being - Heart Congress_2025 (France)
- Public Health and Cardiovascular Disease Prevention - Molecular Cardiology 2025 (France)
- Public Health Initiatives and Education - HEART BRAIN 2025 (Japan)
- Public Health Policies and Hypertension - Hypertension Congress-2025 (France)
- Quality Improvement and Patient-Centered Care - Interventional Cardiology 2025 (UK)
- Quality of Life and Patient-Centered Care in Heart Failure and Angina - Congestive Heart Failure-2025 (Switzerland)
- Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Therapy for Cardiovascular Diseases - Cardiocare 2025 (UK)
- Rehabilitation and Quality of Life - Euro Cardiology 2025 (Germany)
- Robotic Heart Surgery - CARDIOLOGY CARE 2025 (Netherlands)
- Role of Imaging in Heart Failure and Angina - Congestive Heart Failure-2025 (Switzerland)
- Role of Microbiome in Cardiovascular Health - Cardiocare 2025 (UK)
- Sleep Disorders in Heart Failure and Angina - Congestive Heart Failure-2025 (Switzerland)
- Social Connections and health innovations - HEART BRAIN 2025 (Japan)
- Sports Cardiology - Cardiology-2024 (France)
- Sports Cardiology - Annual Cardiology 2025 (Canada)
- Sports Cardiology and Exercise Physiology - Cardiocare 2025 (UK)
- Stem Cell Therapy for Myocardial Repair - Interventional Cardiology 2025 (UK)
- Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine - Molecular Cardiology 2025 (France)
- Stem Cells for Heart Regeneration - Heart Congress_2025 (France)
- Stress, Resilience and Emotions - HEART BRAIN 2025 (Japan)
- Structural Heart Disease in the Elderly - Interventional Cardiology 2025 (UK)
- Surgery - GERIATRIC CARDIOLOGY 2025 (France)
- Surgical Interventions in Heart Failure and Angina - Congestive Heart Failure-2025 (Switzerland)
- Tailored Interventional Strategies Based on Patient-Specific Factors - Interventional Cardiology 2025 (UK)
- Tailoring Treatments to Age and Frailty - GERIATRIC CARDIOLOGY 2025 (France)
- Takotsubo Cardiomyopathy (Broken Heart Syndrome) - CARDIOLOGY CARE 2025 (Netherlands)
- Targeting Inflammation in Atherosclerosis - HEART CONGRESS 2025 (Germany)
- Telecardiology and Remote Monitoring - Molecular Cardiology 2025 (France)
- Telemedicine in Cardiology - CARDIOLOGY CARE 2025 (Netherlands)
- The Future of Cardiovascular Drug Delivery Systems - Euro Cardiology Congress 2025 (Italy)
- The Future of Cardiovascular Drug Delivery Systems - CVDT 2025 (France)
- The Gut-Heart Axis - HEART CONGRESS 2025 (Germany)
- The Impact of Artificial Sweeteners on Cardiovascular Health - HEART CONGRESS 2025 (Germany)
- The Impact of Lifestyle Factors on Cardiovascular Health - Euro Cardiology Congress 2025 (Italy)
- The Role of Inflammation in Cardiovascular Diseases - Euro Cardiology Congress 2025 (Italy)
- Thrombosis and Hemostasis in Cardiovascular Disease - Molecular Cardiology 2025 (France)
- Tissue Engineering for Cardiac Regeneration - Interventional Cardiology 2025 (UK)
- Transcatheter Aortic Valve Replacement (TAVR) Advancements - Interventional Cardiology 2025 (UK)
- Transcatheter Mitral and Tricuspid Valve Therapies - Interventional Cardiology 2025 (UK)
- Transcatheter Mitral Valve Repair and Replacement - Interventional Cardiology 2025 (UK)
- Transcatheter Tricuspid Valve Repair and Replacement - Interventional Cardiology 2025 (UK)
- Valvular Heart Disease - GERIATRIC CARDIOLOGY 2025 (France)
- Valvular Heart Diseases: Diagnosis and Treatment Innovations - Cardiocare 2025 (UK)
- Vascular Biology - Clinical Cardiology 2025 (Canada)
- Vascular Biology and Hypertension - World Heart 2025 (Canada)
- Vascular Diseases and Endothelial Dysfunction - Cardiocare 2025 (UK)
- Vascular Heart Diseases - World Cardiology-2025 (UK)
- Vascular Medicine and Hypertension - Euro Cardiology 2025 (Germany)
- Wearable Devices and Remote Monitoring - Interventional Cardiology 2025 (UK)
- Wearable Technology - HEART CONGRESS 2025 (Germany)
- Women and Cardiac Arrhythmia - Annual Cardiology 2025 (Canada)
- Women and Heart Disease - CARDIO MEET 2025 (Netherlands)
- Women and Heart Disease - CARDIAC SURGERY 2025 (France)
- Women and Heart Disease - HEART CONGRESS 2025 (Germany)
- Women Heart Health - World Cardiology-2025 (UK)
- Women Heart Health - Annual Cardiology 2025 (Canada)
- Women’s Cardiology - WORLD CARDIOLOGY 2025 (Italy)
- Women’s Cardiovascular Health - World Heart 2025 (Canada)
- Women’s Cardiovascular Health - Molecular Cardiology 2025 (France)
- Women’s Cardiovascular Health - CVDT 2025 (France)